ark mutation calculator. ini options to control random mutations - hence you just have to breed the hell out of your animals :) Shame. ark mutation calculator

 
ini options to control random mutations - hence you just have to breed the hell out of your animals :) Shameark mutation calculator  Level 130 Megalodon

ARK Survival Evolved Guide on Breeding & Mutations for the best stats possible, with Mutagen, how to keep mutating forever, and all in just over a quick 6 mi. With every level, a creature has a 1/7 (14. Step 3: Farm 400-600 Bloodpacks. This page is designed to be included in other pages using { {:Table of Breeding}}. The Torpor stat is increased with every level. Breeding Ark Breeding Calculator. 33 points 🔧 Utility Jun 16, 2023 Report. ARK: Survival Evolved > General Discussions > Topic Details. It makes sense that there are fewer choices for a combination than a permutation, since the redundancies are being removed. Step 1: Begin breeding the Base Male Breeder level 300 with all the Base Female Breeders level 300. Every time you get a stat mutation you will also get color mutation. Hatch in bulk. Dinosaur breeding has been introduced to ARK: Survival Evolved in patch v219. g. If you wish to keep that mutation, simply replace its parent and breed it. Mutation Score - This is the number shown on your ancestry tree. This command allows you to specify the saddle, level, stats, and location of the spawned dino. It determines how many points go into each mutation. Download the latest version here: Honest_Suggestion406 ‱ 2 yr. The Torpor stat is increased with every level. 4: Two levels higher than the mutated parent(s). Health . Devs, please fix. The Torpor stat is increased with every level. I'm wanting to get a random, vivid color through mutations. Desmodus flocks in small numbers of around 4-6, and typically can be found. That should fix it in. . By getting over 2 billions mutation mating two Dino's with 100 mutation (both have 100 mutation) will result in getting a baby with a total of 200 and then mating two with 200 to get 400 and like that till you get over 2 billions (you can start it with 1 mutation in both parenta or 1k won't cause a difference. . Once you've knocked out a creature, simply open its inventory to view its stats. And then she had another mutation so her counter is now 2. This extensive guide will include everything from searching for stats, explanation on the point system, min-maxing your dinos, how to properly breed and stack mutations, and probably more! So sit tight and enjoy! Ark dino Breeding And Maturation Calculator in Ark Survival Evolve And Smart Ark Breeding Timer. Soulfringe Jul 20, 2021 @ 12:32pm. It involves different actions of caring during the maturation process. Mutation Megalodon. If multiple mutations occur, they may affect the same or different stats. ARK Maps; Forge Calculator;. So for example, I just log in to feed usually (most do), so if I knew when to log in that would. male 0-19/20 mutations on patrilineal side, female 0-19/20 mutations on matrilineal side, 2) Get a level 1 dino and breed the 0 points in movement speed to the baby. 61. Meaning that you didn't get a mutation. 4215. the stat's base value with 0 attribute points invested) has no effect at all on any crafted items. Mutagen and Mutagel are two new resources that came with Genesis Part 2. They are a large, evolved ceratopsid herbivore and one of the last of their kind, and when they weren't peacefully browsing, used their deadly horns and shield frill against predators. Each of these points are assigned to a random stat. I plugged some stats into a calculator just now. Giant Hatchframe. Use a mining drill to collect all the mutagel l, you can use other means of collecting the mutagel I just found mining drill collects a lot of it. Table of Breeding. 184% and for three mutations the probability 0. The Magmasaur also known as the Cherufe is a Creature in ARK: Survival Evolved's Expansion Pack Genesis: Part 1. However, on a high-level overview, mutations work as follows: a dinosaur with a mutation will gain a level increase, typically around +2, and subsequently, a stat. Each of these points are assigned to a random stat. However that number is extra mutations, so getegg 0 is an egg copy of the creature (sex can vary) with zero mutations. Thanks to: 💕Hrodgir , godChild, Cori, Trivv, kenoken (#1 fan), Kemalz (biggest bean) & Affluent. Yare. For instance. 223 upvotes · 78 comments. Open the ini file and change the numbers there. shields83 Sep 17, 2021 @ 5:27am. The Carbonemys (car-BON-eh-miss,) often simply referred to as Turtle, is a creature in ARK: Survival Evolved. 799000. Step 4: After finding your target Desmodus take out your. These newly colored dinos could be of value to others. Mutation counter The Mutation. Set mating interval to 0. Stat Calculator. Affinity (Supplied / Needed) 4200 / 4150. ARK resources and gathering efficiency ratings of every creature and every item in ARK: Survival Evolved. But I'm not wanting to give my dinos a specific color. But what are Mutations, and how do they work? Mutations will boost a random stat by two stat points. . . a few things about argentavis: advantages: 1. Check the rates on ARK's Official Servers including Evolution Event weekends. If you find you wish to breed a dino, {wild, tamed, or child} do not level them up. 2% maturation. Step 3: locate a pack. Enjoy the waterfall of poop. The Managarmr (MAN-uh-garm-er; sometimes referred to simply as Mana, or Managarm) is one of the Creatures in ARK: Survival Evolved's Extinction expansion and in the Free DLC Lost Island. Here is screen from smart breeding with your rex's stats: As you can see, you have 49 points in HP and 41 melee. Swim along side the turtle with the swarm to tame it. slide the decimal to the left twice, and put a one over it. First, however, you probably want to know how to get. Figuring out Mutations. If you're into breeding then this is the tool that you can't live without, from keeping track of your Dinos stats to family tree and who should breed with wh. The Reaper is very aggressive and can be. you simply add 100 to your armor. For example a hatchling with 56, 48, 50,48,52,46,42 would be a level 343 (56 + 48 + 50 + 48 + 52 + 46 + 42 + 1 [this represents the offspring's own base level] = 343. 600Abel is a level 150 wild rex with 32 points in Health, prowling around with 8140 hitpoints. 24 minute imprints 0. From there, it's all just random to get your preferred stats. Abel is a level 150 wild rex with 32 points in Health, prowling around with 8140 hitpoints. 7. 6. All their children will be 0 Mat (Mother's are clean) and 1 Pat (dad had 1). I just want to know what mutations should I stack on what creature for what purpose. Cloning Chamber Calculator I had a few requests to make a cloning chamber calculator, so I made one. 184% for a Double Mutation. < >. I guess I'll eventually write one since it took me about two full days of testing to get the perfect rates for a quick-ish hatching. This section is intended to be an exact copy of what the survivor Helena Walker, the author of the dossiers, has written. This section is intended to be an exact copy of what the survivor Helena Walker, the author of the dossiers, has written. It can be tamed and ridden, however, taming it is quite a difficult task. I found furious deino eggs on hp 30 and fierce 31, breeded some level 1 male and many gauge 1 females, some 30-0-0-31-0-0-0 males and many 30-0-0-31-0-0-0 females. mutation-rate-intervals. I go over everything in a easy to under beginning to end Format. Loss. The 2023 ARK Roadmap is coming on Friday. So a breeding pair of Adults both lv 210 with matching stats of 56, 48, 50,48,52,46,42. Taming Abel with 99% efficiency gains an additional 74 points that are randomly distributed and he likewise gains a further 10 points in Health bringing his total to 42 post-tame. 2 hour maturation 45. Anytime you breed there are 3 totally desperate chances for that mutation event to. The right side lists the totals in each category. Constantly on alert. – the dino has to have 0-19/20 mutation in his respective category, e. It was added to ARK: Survival Evolved on June 2, 2023 after winning the Community Vote contest on February 10, 2023, but details on its in-game function and. 1 item. Food to Fill: 17. Torpor rate -0. Everything that you need to know about breeding and mutating dinosaurs in ark Survival Ascended! BECOME A MEMBER to get access to perks : If you want to find base damage, you will have to know the taming effectiveness when he was fully tamed (breeded = 100%), and how many damage are given depending of TE (for example, a ptera with 80% TE => 0. I’m planning on breeding with this Raptor to (hopefully) get a Mutation out of him. r/playark. For example, if you want a baby T-Rex, you need both adult male and female versions for mating. Explore the big wild world of Ark Survival Ascended until you find a pair. Step 6: pray to god that the ark devs don’t kill you from stress. Imprinting is prompted by the baby, juvenile, or. NaN%. Trough Type: Sets the spoil rate of the food based on the container you will use, Tek=100x,. Welcome to the Ark: Survival Evolved SubredditMy mutated Spino only has one useful mutation, a health mutation, but I pumped his damage so high, he is dealing over 1500 damage. There’s a reason to why these can glide better than rock drakes. Dododex provides a comprehensive and frequently-updated guide for every creature in Ark: Survival Evolved, including a taming calculations and knockout data. BASE. Replace the previous male with the mutated one and keep breeding. So I got 2 Rex's both 150 perfect tames and and they came out 224 both of them and working on a rex army with mutations and the baby levels are confusing me. As well as everything listed above, they have a dash attack that hits multiple targets, and gets a crazy mate boost. Kibble (Allosaurus Egg) admincheat GFI Kibble_Allo 1 0 0. 3%) chance of upgrading each stat. 6 pieces. All from them with nil alterations. 0 (Slide decimal to the left twice) = 2. Point mutations can be silent, missense, or nonsense mutations, as shown in Table below. Hatch eggs until you get a baby that inherited the higher stat from the mutated gen1 Dino and got another mutation on top of that. Dont kill off Generation 0, 1 & 2 Breeders they can be used to breed different mutation Line or fix a line if you pass 20/20 mutation. 350%Melee will mean it has put 50 points into its melee. A creature at level 120 will have 119 stat points (starting from level 1). Bola the parasaur. 4)10x soothing balm if your playing on mobile. 3. ARK taming calculator for all creatures in ARK: Survival Evolved. His feathers are normal. In Ark: Survival Evolved, a creature is given a stat point for each level. This section is intended to be an exact copy of what the survivor Helena Walker, the author of the dossiers, has written. BUG: 50/50 is a black hole that steals wild creatures, tames, and parts of bases and either causes server crashes or is caused by them. Mutations just add to the value of a stat (and to the level of the dino, but that's rather unimportant). Just use a state calculator. 3)1-2 large bear traps. 3%) chance of upgrading each stat. Hatch in bulk. Step four: Fly the Quetz over a friend’s base. They were a large prehistoric genus of turtle that lived during the Paleocene epoch in foggy swamps of Colombia, South America just a few million years after the Cretaceous Extinction. Crumplecorn Taming Calculator. IMO 30pts into a state is a good starting point. It provides information on. 4 = +32% damages added). This section is intended to be an. The Moschops is a passive, friendly animal that doesn't take notice of. 450 is the maximum on official servers. 1) Breed a dino that has the best stats that u can find. . The Ark Resource Calculator, AKA Ark Crafting Calculator, is a web application to help ARK: Survival Evolved players calculate and strategize what and how many resources is needed to build or craft certain items. The Parasaurolophus (par-ah-SAWR-OL-uh-fus) or Parasaur is one of the Dinosaurs in ARK: Survival Evolved. Stegosaurus taming calculator for ARK: Survival Evolved, including taming times, food requirements, kibble recipes, saddle ingredients. If the father caused a new mutation to occur, it would then show 9, having added 1 to record the new one. de) offers a range of features and tools for Ark: Survival Evolved | Ascended players. 4. Starve timer and torpor timers. Sign in to edit. Step 10: alt f4 or close the game. Aberration and Extinction need different tames. 3%) chance of upgrading each stat. info Food Torpor Breeding Spawn. Translations: ŰłŰ§Ű±Ù‚ Ű§Ù„ŰŻÙ…Ű§ŰĄ, Acechador Sangriento, Cacciatore del sangue. A creature at level 120 will have 119 stat points (starting from level 1). Each of these points are assigned to a random stat. This section is intended to be an exact copy of what the survivor Helena Walker, the author of the dossiers, has written. New mutation, but you should have what you need of this by this point, either convert to prime or add to the color pile. Dinosaur breeding has been introduced to ARK: Survival Evolved in patch v219. There are Heir Crystal Wyverns, these are Wyverns that are found in the desert in a cave and they are untamable, but if you head into the cave you can steal one of their eggs, like the classic method. Intro 0:00 Taming 0:28Stat Stacking. These stats are based on those of the parent that, with some selective breeding and a lot of time, could result in dinosaurs with very high base stats. If one parent is at 20/20 mutations, it's actually worse then just halving the chance. The Incubator Calculator lets you calculate the raw stats from level points in the ARK Incubator but it also lets you calculate the level points when you only have raw stats without the need of a modded spyglass. Daeodon Stats and info location Map ARK: Survival Evolved Arkdino. In Ark: Survival Evolved, a creature is given a stat point for each level. stat calculator question dododex. Then switch the file to read only so Ark doesn't overwrite it when it opens. Ingredients. You ask, I deliver. Repeat the above until you are 20/20 of whatever stat you are mutating. Very few breeders ever take breeding to that level and those that do know a lot more about the subject than me. Step5: question yourself. There may be some discrepancies between this text and the in-game creature. If you’re looking to try a new map, ARK custom maps are a great option. Translations: ŰłŰ§Ű±Ù‚ Ű§Ù„ŰŻÙ…Ű§ŰĄ, Acechador Sangriento, Cacciatore del sangue. Will become juvenile: ( Tue 2023-11-14 1:10 am) Food to Juvenile: 237. The best thing you can do is breed them and raise them properly for the imprint bonus, that will carry your hp stat. In Ark: Survival Evolved, a creature is given a stat point for each level. They also coexisted with Titanoboa and are. Because mom had 8 and added 1. Survive Ark Breeding Calculator. I've started with some level 1 trikes on SP, rapidly. Wenn beide Dinos (male und female) 20/20 Mutation haben, ist es nicht mehr möglich weitere Mutationen zu bekommen. After acquiring a couple, place them adjacent to. There may be some discrepancies between this text and the in-game creature. That's the 20 limit. The underlying mechanics of mutations in ARK Survival Ascended can be pretty intricate. Umbral Shard Calculator. However, when you breed, you need two parents. This was all about the kinds of Mutations you can get in Ark Survival. With every level, a creature has a 1/7 (14. Lost Ark introduces players to the duelling system early on in the game, however, this is separate to the dedicated PvP area later on. The Snow Owl (Sno-Aoul) is one of the Birds in ARK: Survival Evolved. In Ark: Survival Evolved, a creature is given a stat point for each level. Paraceratherium taming calculator for ARK: Survival Evolved, including taming times, food requirements, kibble recipes, saddle ingredients. Food rate -1. 1) Server Settings. Then breed the final damage dino in and you will have a baby with 60/20 mutations. You can enter how many possible stats you can mutate and also get information on when you use. Kibble is an item in Ark: Survival Evolved used to tame creatures at the maximum efficiency. You’ll out-speed the wyverns in no time. Giant Hatchframe. As liralen pointed out, it rolls for a mutation on each parent (as long as that parent is not 20/20 for mutations already), but the weird part is that if it does trigger a mutation, it then rolls again to decide where the mutation goes, mother or father side. 5 to account for taming bonus levels. Keep records of Breeders Stats. The things you need to tame a giga:-1)Flyer (recommending an argy). For wyverns you want to ride for fighting: HP + stam + dmg. There may be some discrepancies between this text and the in-game creature. e. Creature stats, stat calculator, and stat. Mutated dinos have 6 hour cool down and are not able to be gender swapped again while this cooldown lasts. . Share your strategies in the Tips section!How many Bonus Levels I’d receive depends on the Taming Effectiveness. You. On ARK: Mobile, you can only use Griffin Kibble. If the level traditional method is the same as the egg incubator level of eggs. This means that it is now possible to breed your own dinosaurs with their own stats. Then with the calculate I add up how much meat it can hold, multiply by min/meat = how long I can take a break. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. . With this Dino Stats calculator, you’ll be able to check how the stat points of a wild dino have been distributed. Enter each of the stats into Dododex's Stat Calculator and it will calculate how its stats were. You must pulse the assign gender BEFORE the allow breeding pulse. There can be a total of 3 new mutations on an offspring. However the mutation can be on a region that creature does not use or same color it had before. Copy the command below by clicking the "Copy" button. The Electrophorus (eh-lek-trof-er-uhs) or Eel is an aquatic creature in ARK: Survival Evolved. True, I was many referring to high mutation counts don't matter. Consume Multiplier. Includes examples, argument explanation and an easy-to-use command builder. There may be some discrepancies between this text and the in-game creature. ARK Admin Commands, GFI codes, creature IDs, entity IDs, spawn commands, and cheats. If the mom had passed a mut, it would show 9/20 and 11/20 instead. Miley Voerman Jun 16, 2019 @ 12:56pm. 1130. The one and only Video you will ever need for mutations! feel free to ask any questions and if YouTube or you do not delete them I will answer them asap. A creature at level 120 will have 119 stat points (starting from level 1). Keep in mind that their Movement Speed stat will alter these values. Even with SS/S+ Mutator, it's very much in your interest to keep your females at 0/20 and then keep the father's mutation count <20 for as long as possible. The Torpor stat is increased with every level. Each of these points are assigned to a random stat. The Triceratops (try-SAIR-uh-tops), or simply Trike, is one of the many dinosaurs in ARK: Survival Evolved. When you breed this Dino, it will follow the normal breeding process. Level of the Offspring. So mutations might affect stats more, less or the same as they did in Evolved. The following species may show wrong stat-values ingame that prevents a correct extraction. Each of these points are assigned to a random stat. Once tamed, its. The Andrewsarchus eats honey and sweet fruit. I bred 300 rexes in single player before i lost my shit and quit, and it seems like. Raw Meat required on day 3 of maturation. ARK News; ARK Mobile Daily; Forums; Gallery; Staff; Traders; Show . Breeding is a feature of ARK: Survival Evolved that allows players to breed improved creatures through Eggs with non-mammals and gestation with mammals. A creature at level 120 will have 119 stat points (starting from level 1). . There are ways to target specific stats to. First of all, Ark: Survival Evolved players need to ensure that only one parent has a mutation score below 20/20. Choose your dino and its level, then it'll tell you how many element shards you'll need and how long it'll take. g. The Torpor stat is increased with every level. Good luck! P. info Food Torpor Breeding Spawn. These natural high stat dinos can then be used to breed. A creature at level 120 will have 119 stat points (starting from level 1). The chance of at least one mutation occurring in an offspring whose parents each have more than 20 mutations is 0 percent. 31%. 3. 4 = +32% damages added). These natural high stat dinos can then be used to breed. 224 tamed rex- 12000HP will mean it has put 50 points into its health. Below rockwell’s heart is an acid pool, wait for the acid pool to disperse and you will find mutagel. It is considered to be one of the earliest known relatives of modern insects. Save your creatures in a library, sort and compare their stats, view their pedigree, use the breeding-plan to get the best possible creatures and keep track of the growing babies with timers. Les Mutations sont une augmentation aléatoire des valeurs des Attributs et des Couleurs qui s'appliquent aux progénitures que vous faites naître. 61. If you wish to keep that mutation, simply replace its parent and breed it. Once you know about the Ark “genetics”, the mutations become easier to understand. In the game, they are common in those biomes as well as the Redwoods and are incapable of dealing any damage. In Scorched Earth the Thylacoleo spawns at the edges of the dunes and on. The result of this event occurring is the baby receiving two more points in a stat and a color. Originally posted by Serangel: The mutation counter does not reflect number of mutations. This box will not be included. male 0-19/20 mutations on patrilineal side, female 0-19/20 mutations on matrilineal side, 2) Get a level 1 dino and breed the 0 points in movement speed to the baby. 🩖 Subscribe for More 🔔 Hit the Notification Bell to keep up with my Uploads!🌐 Get NordVPN Dummies. Step 2= Tranq out (recommend tranq arrows etc) Step 3= make sure not other baddies in area. Nice catch!Base creature speeds. The Thylacoleo (thy-lah-ko-lee-oh), more commonly known as a Marsupial Lion, Tree Cat or simply Thyla, is one of the Creatures in ARK: Survival Evolved. 3: Same level as the mutated parent(s). It’s mutation counter will show Matralineal: 8/20 and Patraoineal: 11/20. They will also trigger a colour change on one of the 6 colour regions that are available. It has a calculator that will tell you how many points are in a stat, a sheet to keep track of what stats you are hunting for, and several sheets for keeping track of your mutation stats. With the ARK: Survival Evolved taming calculator you will always be prepared for anything. The Permutations Calculator finds the number of subsets that can be created including subsets of the same items in different orders. Each of these points are assigned to a random stat. You can start to breed them, but you should try to find better melee with trading or taming Rexes, which have at least 250% melee (250 is 30 stat levels) before tame. 1204. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. Gender swap done with s+Mutator is permanent. So, as you can see I've been doing some work seeing how often Mutations happen. Shadowcrypt SS. Step: 6 Use narcs if it tries to wake up. That's how much damage you take from an attack. With every level, a creature has a 1/7 (14. I WISH there was a section that I could input my tamed dinos to keep track of what stats they have that need to go into my breeding pool. 4 is 40%). Official Server. The mutations dont always pass on so make sure you only look at the kids with the mutations for more mutations. Step 4: use your tranq items (wait five seconds per shot you’ll just do damage if you don’t) Step five: shove fish meat down its throat. It can be tamed and ridden, however, taming it is quite a difficult task. The Torpor stat is increased with every level. There may be some discrepancies between this text and the in-game creature. Also, you. 0 (Slide decimal to the left twice) = 2. The syntax for this Ark admin command is as follows: Stat Type: Stat ID. Somebody asked for this yesterday on Reddit. To unlock the Proving Grounds, players must reach level 26. imgur. PER LVL YOUR ARGENTAVIS Health 365. What does a Glowtail eat? In ARK: Survival Evolved, the Glowtail eats Plant Species Z Seed, and Ascerbic Mushroom. Each of these points are assigned to a random stat. Step 4= wait for the hunger to go about half way down. By getting over 2 billions mutation mating two Dino's with 100 mutation (both have 100 mutation) will result in getting a baby with a total of 200 and then mating two with 200 to get 400 and like that till you get over 2 billions (you can start it with 1 mutation in. Be careful as this place is quite dangerous!X being the stat level you're looking for, Y being the total number of levelable stats (water dinos don't have an Oxy stat, few other exceptions), and 1. For other bosses and caves, and everything else I can think of in pve, you're probably just fine without mutations. Download the latest version here: to the Ark: Survival Evolved and Ark: Survival Ascended Subreddit. Baby Allosaurus Foods. The chance of a mutation is roughly 4-5% when one parent is not 20/20 yet. This section is intended to be an exact copy of what the survivor Helena Walker, the author of the dossiers, has written. Step 9: finish Rockwell’s fight. This time, however, they have additional modifiers to increase the challenges within for even greater rewards. General Does and Dont's. Adjusting the temperature adjust it for any egg residing inside the. With every level, a creature has a 1/7 (14. Do not add section headers or other elements that depend on page flow. however, the griffin is worth. Since HP40Me42 is her father's daughter, she will inherit 1 Pat. A creature at level 120 will have 119 stat points (starting from level 1). 6. The offspring of domesticated animals can have random stats boosts and color changes when tamed. level of the dino directly after taming) spend in the inherited stats by its parents. So Im thinking if I get mutations health mutations on a tanky creature, then I can beat turrets without a problem. With this Dino Stats calculator, you’ll be able to check how the stat points of a wild dino have been distributed. they are ridiculously fast, and they will circle you and attack you. Developers were very quiet on the details of the matter as far as I can see and currently there's been almost no discussion. 200 armor = 1/3 damage. Incubation Temperature. I WISH there was a section that I could input my tamed dinos to keep track of what stats they have that need to go into my breeding pool. It didn't work? - You have different server stats than vanilla. Dinosaur. e. Information. 🩖 Subscribe for More 🔔 Hit the Notification Bell to keep up with my Uploads!🌐 Get NordVPN Dummies. #1. Just keep in mind that a parent can mutate but not pass the mutation to the baby, effectively increasing the mutation count without any effect either on color and/or stat. This creature produces its paste passively — and quite frequently — so many survivors keep them around their bases. Obviously you can stop adding any further stats when you reach 449. This gives you a good chance of always getting the mutation you want on every breed so we aren’t wasting time. this includes move speed but the points dont count similar to any points into move speed during taming. The Allosaurus hatches from a fertilized egg that has been incubated for "1 hr 39 min ". Detailed information about the Ark command SpawnExactDino for all platforms, including PC, XBOX and PS4. As soon as the dino is levelled (has the stat added) it will go poof. Then breed the 20/20 health with the 20/20 stamina and you will have a dino that has 40/20 mutations on one side. For each offspring up to three mutations can occur, each with a 2. Use program ARK Smart breeding, it can calculate stats of wild, tamed or breeded dinos + you can have database of your current dinos. 31% for a Single Mutation. (r + n -1)! r! × (n - 1)! This free calculator can compute the number of possible permutations and. This section is intended to be an exact copy of what the survivor Helena Walker, the author of the dossiers, has written.